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Agriculture One Liner, Agronomy One Liner

Kautilya’s Arthasasthra – Sangam literature – rainfall prediction – ITK -Tamil Almanac. One Liner

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Kautilya’s Arthasasthra – Sangam literature – rainfall prediction – ITK -Tamil Almanac. One Liner Kautilya’s Arthasastra: Kautilya’s Arthasastra is an ancient Indian text on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. It emphasizes the importance of agriculture for the prosperity of a state. Kautilya introduced the concept of a “superintendent of agriculture” to oversee farming operations. He highlighted the importance of timely sowing and effective labor management for optimal crop yield. Kautilya suggested using rain gauges to measure rainfall, which is essential for agriculture. He believed that a specific amount of rainfall was necessary for different crops (e.g., 600–800 mm for rainfed crops). The Arthasastra includes advice on crop rotation, such as growing pulses after rice to improve soil fertility. Kautilya recommended bio-control practices, including seed treatments to protect crops from diseases. He also outlined the importance of proper harvesting and storage practices to prevent crop losses. The text covers the economic importance of farming and its centrality to the state’s economy. Sangam Literature: Sangam literature dates back to the Tamil classical period (200 BCE – 100 CE) and provides insights into ancient Tamil life, including agriculture. Tholkappiyam and Thirukkural are significant works that mention agricultural practices. Tholkappiyam describes land classification into five groups, including cultivable lands (Marudham). Six distinct seasons were recognized, with specific crops suited to each season. Farmers were well-versed in seed selection, irrigation, crop protection, and pest control. Agriculture was the central profession, and kings were expected to support and promote farming. Irrigation was important; kings built tanks and reservoirs to store water for agriculture. Thirukkural extols the importance of agriculture and the farmer’s role in society. Crop rotation was practiced, such as planting black gram after rice to improve soil health. Tools like buffalo-driven plows and water-lifting devices were used in farming. Rainfall Prediction: Fireflies visible on trees at night often indicate the arrival of the monsoon in Maharashtra. In Gujarat, farmers believe that lightning and mild thunder on the second day of Jayastha (May–June) signals no rain for the next 72 days. Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK): ITK refers to traditional knowledge passed down through generations, tailored to local agricultural needs. Summer ploughing helps conserve moisture and reduces soil erosion. Cowdung-coated cotton seeds aid in easy planting and pest reduction. Soaking sorghum seeds in cow urine increases drought resistance. Mixing Bengal gram with other crops like sorghum enhances yields and soil health. Cattle penning provides organic manure, improving soil fertility. Castor plants are used as trap crops in cotton fields to manage pests. Ash mixed with green gram post-harvest helps reduce pests and improve storage. Cow dung cakes are used as rat repellents in fields. Red soil coating of seeds helps with better germination and pest resistance. Tamil Almanac (Panchangam): The Tamil Almanac is used for determining the timing of agricultural and cultural events. It is based on the classical Hindu solar calendar. The Tamil New Year typically falls around April 13 or 14. The Tamil week starts on Sunday, and days are named after celestial bodies: Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn. The calendar has 12 months, each corresponding to specific periods of the Gregorian calendar. Seasons in the Tamil calendar include Kar (Rainy), Kutir (Autumn), Munpani (Early winter), and more. Festivals and cultural events are based on the lunar and solar positions in the Tamil calendar. Each Tamil month lasts between 29 and 32 days, varying by astronomical calculation. The calendar is still used for agricultural activities like sowing and harvesting, aligned with astrological timings. The Tamil almanac helps in predicting favorable weather for crop planting and harvesting.

Agriculture One Liner, Agronomy One Liner

Chronology of Agricultural technology development in India One Liner

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Chronology of Agricultural technology development in India One Liner Here are 100 key facts about the Chronology of Agricultural Technology Development in India: Agriculture in India dates back to 9000 BCE, beginning with the cultivation of wheat and barley. By 8000 BCE, wheat, barley, and cattle were domesticated in Mehrgarh (modern-day Pakistan). Early Indian farming included threshing, planting in rows, and grain storage in granaries. By 5000 BCE, agricultural communities were widespread in Kashmir. Cotton cultivation began by 5000-4000 BCE in India, with the Indus Valley being an early center. The Indus Valley Civilization had sophisticated irrigation systems by 4500 BCE. 3000 BCE: The Indus Valley built artificial reservoirs for irrigation. 2600 BCE: The first canal irrigation system was constructed in the Indus Valley. 2500 BCE: The first archaeological evidence of an animal-drawn plough in the Indus Valley. 2000 BCE: Rice cultivation was practiced in the Kashmir and Harrappan regions. 1500 BCE-200 CE: Vedic period; Indian agriculture saw systematic cultivation, ploughing, and irrigation. The Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE) made meteorological observations for agriculture. Kautilya’s Arthashastra (3rd century BCE) outlined irrigation and land management systems. Jute cultivation began in India during the Vedic period, used for ropes and cordage. Ayurveda, the ancient holistic medical system, mentioned medicinal plants cultivated for agriculture. By 1000 BCE, soil ploughing, seed broadcasting, and crop rotation were practiced. During the Gupta period (322-550 CE), sugar was crystallized and refined. The Tamil people cultivated rice, sugarcane, and millets by 200-1200 CE. The Chola Empire (875-1279 CE) improved irrigation systems and water management. The Kallanai Dam, built during the Chola Empire, is one of the oldest functioning water-regulation structures. The spread of crops like cotton, sugar, and citric fruits during the medieval period affected economies in North Africa and the Middle East. The Mughal period (1200–1757 CE) saw the introduction of Persian irrigation systems in India. Akbar the Great (1556–1605 CE) implemented agricultural land reforms, improving productivity. The introduction of crops such as cotton and indigo to the global market occurred during the Mughal period. In the British Colonial Era (1757-1947 CE), the first modern irrigation canals were built in Punjab, Narmada valley, and Andhra Pradesh. The British Raj introduced commercial agriculture focusing on crops like cotton, indigo, opium, and rice. The British introduced extensive canal networks in India for irrigation during the 19th century. The government of India created the Department of Revenue, Agriculture, and Commerce in 1871. The Famine Commission Report (1880) initiated the foundation of agricultural departments in India. Dr. J.A. Voelcker (1890) laid the foundation for agricultural research in India. In 1901-05, Agricultural Colleges were established in Pune, Kanpur, Sabour, Nagpur, Coimbatore, and Lyallpur. The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) was established at Pusa, Bihar, in 1905. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was founded in 1929 for comprehensive agricultural research. In 1931-47, new agricultural committees were formed to improve research on various crops. The Grow More Food Campaign (1940s) aimed to increase food supply in India. The Integrated Production Program (1950s) focused on enhancing both food and cash crop production. The All India Coordinated Maize Improvement Project was launched in 1957 to enhance maize cultivation. The Green Revolution began in the 1960s with the introduction of semi-dwarf wheat varieties. Semi-dwarf rice varieties (TN1 & IR 8) were introduced in 1966 to enhance rice production. The government promoted land reclamation, mechanization, and chemical use in farming during the 1960s. The Green Revolution in India led to increased wheat and rice production during the 1960s-1980s. The Yellow Revolution (1986-1990) aimed to increase oilseed production in India. Operation Flood (1970-1996) transformed the dairy industry and made India the largest milk producer. The Blue Revolution (1973-2002) enhanced the fishing industry, improving fish production. The National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) was launched in 1979 to strengthen agricultural research. The National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) was initiated in 1998 for location-specific agricultural solutions. The National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) was launched in 2006 for solving end-to-end agricultural problems. The development of biotechnology in agriculture began in the 1990s in India. The economic reforms of 1991 led to the growth of the agricultural sector. The introduction of genetically modified crops such as Bt cotton began in India in the late 1990s. The introduction of hybrid seeds and high-yielding varieties significantly increased crop production in the 20th century. The government introduced mechanization in agriculture during the 1980s to enhance productivity. The National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) was launched in 2014 to promote sustainable farming. The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) was launched in 2015 to improve irrigation infrastructure. The Soil Health Management (SHM) initiative was launched in 2015 to promote soil fertility. The Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) was introduced in 2015 to promote organic farming. The National Food Security Mission (NFSM) was initiated in 2007 to enhance food grain production. The National Horticulture Mission (NHM) was launched in 2005 to promote horticultural production. The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) was introduced in 2007 for agricultural development. The National Livestock Mission (NLM) was initiated in 2014 to enhance livestock productivity. The MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) helps in enhancing rural agricultural infrastructure. India’s agricultural export market grew rapidly during the post-independence period, especially for rice and spices. The introduction of drip irrigation technology in the 1990s revolutionized water use in agriculture. The Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) of 1957 regulated the quality of fertilizers used in India. India’s first fertilizer plant was established in 1951 at Trombay. The development of agricultural credit systems began with the establishment of NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) in 1982. The establishment of the National Seed Corporation in 1963 helped improve seed distribution and quality. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) developed the first high-yielding varieties of wheat in the 1960s. The establishment of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) in 1974 helped in spreading agricultural knowledge. The government’s Minimum Support Price (MSP) policy helped ensure fair prices for farmers. The Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act, 1960, regulated

Agriculture One Liner, Agronomy One Liner

Stages of agriculture development – Era of civilization- Importance of Neolithic civilization One Liner

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Stages of agriculture development – Era of civilization- Importance of Neolithic civilization One Liner Stages of Agriculture Development 12000-9500 years ago: Hunters and food-gatherers stage existed in the Indian subcontinent. Stone implements (microliths) were used throughout the subcontinent during this period. Domestication of the dog occurred in Iraq. Vegetative propagation was the earliest form of agriculture (e.g., bananas, sugarcane). 9500-7500 years ago: Wild ancestors of wheat, barley, and livestock like goat, sheep, and cattle were found. 7500-5000 years ago: Invention of plough, irrigation farming, and metallurgy emerged, with seed dibbling practiced in Egypt. 5000-4000 years ago: Harappan culture thrived, with wheat, barley, and cotton cultivation using plough and bullocks. Wheeled carts were commonly used in the Indus Valley. Harappans also invented methods for ginning, spinning, and weaving cotton. 4000-2000 years ago: Bone/stone tools and copper axes were found in places like North Arcot and Nevasa. Crops like wheat, lentil, and mung bean were grown in various regions. 2000-1500 years ago: Tank irrigation systems were widely developed and practiced. Greek and Romans traded with South India, importing pepper, cloth, and sandalwood. Chola King Karikala (190 AD) built a 160 km embankment along the Cauvery River and promoted agriculture. 1500-1000 years ago: Extensive cultivation of cereals like wheat, rice, and millets under the Kanauj Empire of Harshavardhana. Persian wheel was used in irrigation during Harshavardhana’s reign. South Indian kingdoms, including the Cholas, developed new irrigation systems. 1000-700 years ago: Arab conquest of Sind in 711-712 AD impacted agriculture, with Arabs bringing gardening expertise. Alauddin Khilji (1290-1320 AD) destroyed agricultural prosperity in India, keeping farmers poor. Era of Civilization Human evolution began around 1.7 million years ago with Homo erectus. Homo sapiens evolved from Cro-Magnon man, and Neanderthal man was prevalent in Europe and Asia. Modern Homo sapiens sapiens spread globally after the last glacial period (~10,000 years ago). 8700-7700 BC: Man began domesticating sheep and goats, marking a shift to settled life. Neanderthal man was a primitive form of Homo sapiens found in Europe and Asia. The Stone Age is divided into Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. Paleolithic Period (2,50,000 to 10,000 BC): Early humans were hunters and food gatherers, using basic stone tools. Mesolithic Period (10,000 to 3,700 BC): Characterized by microliths, and domestication of animals began. Neolithic Period (7500-9500 BC): Early agriculture began, with humans living in settled villages. The Neolithic Revolution began in the Fertile Crescent, bringing changes in food production techniques. Neolithic culture in India included the use of polished stone axes, hand-made pottery, and weaving textiles. Rice, bananas, yams, and millets were cultivated in different parts of India during the Neolithic period. The Bronze Age (Chalcolithic culture) marked the use of copper and bronze tools alongside stone tools. Agriculture shifted from hilly areas to river valleys during the Bronze Age. Iron Age began with the arrival of Aryans, using iron tools for farming. Sickle was the primary harvesting tool during the Iron Age. Iron ploughs, sickles, and hoes were used for farming in the Iron Age. Domesticated animals included sheep, goats, cattle, and elephants during the Iron Age. Importance of the Neolithic Civilization Neolithic Revolution allowed for the transition from nomadic life to settled agricultural societies. Permanent settlements were established, leading to the growth of villages and towns. Food surplus created by agriculture allowed societies to develop arts, culture, and technology. Domestication of plants like rice, wheat, and barley helped ensure food security. The Neolithic period saw the emergence of more complex social structures. Technological innovations such as pottery, weaving, and agriculture were crucial to early civilization. Agriculture during the Neolithic age laid the foundation for the rise of cities and trade networks. Social differentiation began as a result of the specialization in tasks such as farming, tool-making, and trade. Cultural and religious practices also evolved as communities settled and grew in size. The Neolithic period marks the beginning of human attempts to control the environment through farming and domestication.

Agriculture One Liner, Agronomy One Liner

History of agricultural development in the world and India. Agriculture heritage – Agriculture in ancient India One Liner

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History of agricultural development in the world and India. Agriculture heritage – Agriculture in ancient India One Liner History of Agricultural Development: Agriculture originated around 12,000 years ago with the domestication of plants and animals. The first evidence of agriculture appeared in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East. Early agricultural practices were based on wild grain harvesting. The Neolithic Revolution marked the shift from hunter-gatherer societies to settled farming communities. The domestication of wheat, barley, and legumes began in the Near East. Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley were among the earliest cradles of agriculture. Ancient Egypt developed irrigation techniques along the Nile River to sustain agriculture. The plow, one of the earliest tools, was developed in the Near East. Bronze tools appeared around 3000 BC, enhancing agricultural productivity. The use of irrigation expanded in early civilizations to control water supply and increase crop yields. The Indus Valley civilization excelled in agriculture with systems of irrigation and urban farming. In China, rice and millet became staple crops as early as 7000 BC. Mesoamerican civilizations domesticated maize, beans, and squash around 2000 BC. The first forms of crop rotation appeared in ancient civilizations to maintain soil fertility. Roman agriculture relied heavily on slave labor for large-scale farming operations. Medieval Europe saw the introduction of the three-field crop rotation system. The Islamic Golden Age contributed advancements in agricultural knowledge, including crop rotation and irrigation. The introduction of the horse collar in medieval Europe revolutionized plowing. The Agricultural Revolution in England (17th-19th centuries) led to improved crop yields and farming techniques. The invention of the seed drill by Jethro Tull in 1701 greatly enhanced crop planting efficiency. The Industrial Revolution facilitated large-scale mechanization of farming. Modern agricultural practices have led to higher yields through the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The Green Revolution in the mid-20th century introduced high-yield crop varieties and improved irrigation methods. Biotechnology has contributed to genetic modifications in crops, increasing resistance to diseases. The rise of organic farming emphasizes sustainable practices and environmental preservation. Agriculture in Ancient India: Agriculture in India dates back to the Neolithic age (7500-6500 BC). The earliest evidence of agriculture in India comes from the Harappan civilization. The Indus Valley civilization practiced advanced agricultural techniques including irrigation and crop rotation. The Rigveda mentions more than 75 plant species, reflecting early agricultural knowledge. Ancient Indian agriculture was influenced by religious practices and rituals. Kautilya’s Arthashastra discusses farming techniques, cattle rearing, and agricultural economy. The famous “Cow Sukta” in the Rigveda highlights the importance of cows in rural economy. Ancient Indian farmers used plows made of wood and oxen for cultivation. Manusmriti emphasizes the importance of agriculture for the economy and society. Ancient Indians cultivated a variety of crops including wheat, barley, rice, and cotton. Irrigation techniques in ancient India included wells, canals, and tanks. Agricultural practices were closely tied to religious festivals, such as harvest festivals. The Arthashastra suggests crop rotation and the use of organic manure for soil fertility. The Tamil Sangam literature offers insights into ancient South Indian agriculture. Ancient Indian farmers used methods like intercropping and mixed farming to maintain soil fertility. The use of sickles for harvesting crops is documented in ancient texts. Ancient texts like Krishi-Parashara provide detailed agricultural practices in ancient India. The Vedic period saw the domestication of cattle, horses, and other animals for agricultural work. Ancient Indian agriculture included the cultivation of spices such as black pepper and cardamom. The concept of agroforestry was practiced in ancient India through the cultivation of forest and crop species together. The state in ancient India regulated agriculture to ensure food security. Farming was a highly regarded profession in ancient India, with its significance mentioned in the Puranas. The cultivation of cotton was well established in ancient India, particularly in the Indus Valley. Early Indian texts describe the importance of maintaining ecological balance through forest conservation. Agricultural production in ancient India was significantly affected by the monsoon cycles. The domestication of the dog for hunting purposes was a major milestone in Mesolithic India. The Harappan civilization showed a deep understanding of water management for irrigation. The Susruta Samhita, an ancient Indian medical text, mentions the medicinal uses of plants and herbs. Vedic literature stresses the importance of plant and animal diversity in agriculture. The use of metal tools in agriculture became prevalent by the time of the Iron Age in India. Traditional farming methods in ancient India were based on ecological sustainability. Ancient Indian farmers practiced mixed cropping to reduce the risk of crop failure. Ancient Indian scriptures such as the Upanishads and Mahabharata include references to agricultural practices. Agni Purana discusses various methods for plant cultivation and livestock management. The concept of “Bhoomi-Pooja” or the worship of land before plowing reflects the reverence for agriculture. The rise of urban centers in ancient India led to innovations in agricultural technology and trade. The trade in agricultural produce like rice, spices, and textiles was prominent in ancient India. Ancient Indian societies understood the importance of maintaining soil fertility through organic methods. The harvest cycle in ancient India was aligned with lunar and solar calendars. Indian farmers traditionally practiced agroecology by integrating local knowledge into farming practices. The ancient Tamils developed methods for cultivating crops in saline and dry regions. The Puranas mention the use of medicinal plants in agriculture to promote plant health. Many ancient Indian kingdoms had specific laws for protecting farming communities and regulating land use. The protection of forests was considered vital for maintaining agricultural productivity in ancient India. Agrarian societies in ancient India were closely linked with social and religious structures. Animal husbandry was integral to Indian agriculture, with cows, goats, and buffaloes used for labor and milk. Ancient Indian agricultural practices influenced neighboring regions in Asia and the Middle East. The development of the ‘kharif’ and ‘rabi’ cropping seasons in India helped optimize agricultural productivity. Ancient Indian agricultural knowledge was shared and refined through community traditions. The Vedic period saw the emergence of agricultural deities,

Agriculture One Liner, Agronomy One Liner

Indian agriculture – Indian economy – National income – per capita income – Agricultural income in GDP – Women in agriculture and empowerment One Liner

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Indian agriculture – Indian economy – National income – per capita income – Agricultural income in GDP – Women in agriculture and empowerment One Liner Indian Agriculture Indian Agriculture is one of the most important contributors to India’s economy. Agriculture provides the primary livelihood for almost 60% of India’s workforce. Nearly 43% of India’s geographical area is used for agriculture. Agriculture contributes around 16% to India’s GDP. The sector is crucial for socio-economic development in India. India was once dependent on food imports but is now self-sufficient in grain production. The 1960 food crisis prompted efforts towards food security in India. India’s agricultural transformation led to the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution focused on increasing cultivated areas. Improved irrigation facilities were established under the Green Revolution. The use of high-yielding variety seeds was promoted during the Green Revolution. New agricultural techniques and research were introduced through the Green Revolution. Water management became a priority for India’s agricultural development. Fertilizer and pesticide use were regulated to improve agricultural productivity. The Green Revolution led to significant increases in wheat and rice production. National Pulse Development Programme was launched in 1986. The National Pulse Development Programme covered 13 states. A Technology Mission on Oilseeds was introduced in 1986 to boost oilseed production. The Technology Mission on Oilseeds included pulses to improve their production. A new seed policy aimed at improving access to high-quality seeds for farmers. The Ministry of Food Processing Industries was set up to support agricultural growth. The agriculture sector is dependent on monsoon rainfall, which affects productivity. A second Green Revolution is being planned to address monsoon dependency. The second Green Revolution will focus on water management and irrigation. Soil quality improvement is key for the second Green Revolution. Diversification into high-value crops like fruits, vegetables, and herbs is part of the second Green Revolution. Bio-diesel production is also being promoted in Indian agriculture. The Indian government aims to improve per capita income in agriculture. Female farmers often work in households, family farms, and as wage laborers. The government has focused on improving women’s rights in agriculture. There’s significant gender disparity in agriculture wages in India. Women empowerment in agriculture has been an important policy focus. Agricultural policies in India have addressed poverty alleviation. Farmers in India often face volatile and insecure livelihoods. The agriculture workforce in India often faces unequal access to resources. Policy initiatives focus on making agriculture more profitable and secure. The government supports sustainable practices like organic farming. National Income and Economy National income is used to assess the economic development of a country. National income helps evaluate the contribution of different sectors to economic growth. India’s GDP reached US$1.25 trillion. India is the 12th largest economy by GDP in the world. India is the second fastest-growing economy globally. In 2007, India became one of the 12 countries with a trillion-dollar economy. India has seen significant growth in information technology and services. The agriculture sector’s contribution to GDP was 32% in 1990-91. By 2005-06, agriculture’s share in GDP had fallen to 20%. Today, agriculture contributes around 16% to India’s GDP. The services sector now contributes more than half of India’s GDP. FDI, SEZs, and NRI investments have been promoted to boost the economy. India’s GDP growth coincided with better macroeconomic stability. The agricultural income per capita has declined in relation to national income. Per capita income for the agricultural population was Rs. 10,865 in 2010. The per capita income in agriculture was only 32% of national per capita income in 2010. In 1980, agricultural per capita income was 56% of the national average. By 2000, the agriculture sector’s per capita income had decreased to 42% of the national average. The per capita income in agriculture was Rs. 5,505 in 1980 and Rs. 6,652 in 2000. There has been a consistent decline in agricultural income as a share of national income over the years. The government has focused on improving agricultural productivity to increase incomes. Women in Agriculture and Empowerment Women now participate actively in all sectors of life, including agriculture. Indira Gandhi was India’s longest-serving female Prime Minister. Indian women have legal rights to equality under the Constitution of India. Women in India gained equal pay for equal work under Article 39(d) of the Indian Constitution. The feminist movement gained momentum in the 1970s in India. Anti-liquor campaigns in India were a significant part of women’s empowerment efforts. NGOs like SEWA have played a crucial role in empowering women in India. Women’s Reservation Bill ensures 33% reservation for women in Parliament. Women’s empowerment in India requires better education and information. Women’s participation in decision-making processes is crucial for empowerment. Gender equality in agricultural wages is a key issue for women’s advancement. Women are disproportionately affected by insecure agricultural livelihoods. Female agricultural workers often face gender-based wage disparities. The government has implemented policies aimed at reducing gender-based wage gaps. Women’s status in agriculture would improve with equal wages and working conditions. Women’s development has been a central focus in post-independence planning. Empowering women involves improving access to healthcare and education. Rural women often lack access to basic health resources and support. Indian women have historically been marginalized in the agricultural workforce. The development of women’s skills and education is essential for gender equality. Women’s issues in agriculture should be prioritized to uplift rural communities. Agricultural Heritage and History Agriculture in India dates back to the Neolithic age (7500-6500 B.C.). Early Indian agriculture transitioned from hunting to farming. Ancient farmers practiced mixed farming and crop rotation. Vedic texts provide rich knowledge about early agricultural practices. The Rigveda mentions over 75 plant species and agricultural practices. The Atharvaveda records medicinal plants and animal husbandry knowledge. Ancient Indian farmers had in-depth knowledge of farming techniques. Texts like “Krishiparashara” document agricultural practices in ancient India. Kautilya’s Arthashastra includes agricultural practices and cattle rearing. Traditional Indian farming methods emphasized ecological balance. Forests were crucial in ancient India for agriculture and ecological balance. Ancient Indian texts emphasized the protection of forests and

Agriculture One Liner, Agronomy One Liner

Agriculture – Definition – Importance and scope – Branches of agriculture One Liner

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Agriculture – Definition – Importance and scope – Branches of agriculture One Liner Agriculture – Definition & Importance Agriculture is derived from Latin words ager (soil) and cultura (cultivation). Agriculture is an applied science focused on crop production, livestock, fisheries, and forestry. Agriculture is a combination of art, science, and business for producing crops and livestock. As an art, agriculture focuses on skillful farm operations without underlying scientific principles. As a science, agriculture uses technology to maximize crop yields and profits. Agriculture as a business aims for maximum net return through efficient resource management. The Agriculture Act (1947) defines agriculture as including various farming activities like horticulture and livestock breeding. Agriculture contributes 16% to India’s GDP. Two-thirds of India’s population depends on agriculture for livelihood. Agriculture provides employment to 58% of India’s workforce. Agriculture accounts for about 15% of India’s total export earnings. Agricultural sectors contribute to industries like textiles, dairy, and sugar. Rural markets are key for low-priced consumer goods in India. Agriculture is vital for ensuring food security and national security. Allied sectors like horticulture and animal husbandry improve rural health and nutrition. Sustainable agricultural development is crucial for ecological balance. Agriculture helps transform communities socially, culturally, and economically. Agriculture maintains a biological equilibrium and enhances prosperity. Agricultural productivity has plateaued in irrigated areas, requiring scientific attention. Healthy agricultural production promotes peace, prosperity, and harmony. Revolutions in Agriculture The White Revolution quadrupled India’s milk production from 17 million to 108.5 million tonnes. The Blue Revolution increased fish production from 0.75 million to 7.6 million tonnes. The Yellow Revolution boosted oilseed production fivefold from 5 million to 25 million tonnes. Egg production grew from 2 billion to 28 billion after independence. Sugarcane production increased from 57 million to 282 million tonnes. India’s cotton production grew from 3 million bales to 32 million bales. India is the world’s largest producer of fruits. India is the second-largest producer of milk and vegetables globally. Branches of Agriculture Agronomy focuses on the production of food, fodder, fiber, and oilseed crops. Horticulture deals with the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. Forestry involves cultivating trees for wood, timber, rubber, and raw materials for industries. Animal husbandry focuses on breeding and raising livestock for food and power. Fishery science deals with breeding and rearing fish, shrimp, and prawns for food and feed. Agricultural engineering involves machinery for farming, water conservation, and post-harvest processing. Home science applies agricultural produce for nutritional security and value addition. Evolution of Man and Agriculture Early humans lived as hunters, relying on wild food sources. The pastoral stage involved domestication of animals for food and labor. Crop culture marked the shift to settled farming near riverbeds. Trade emerged as surplus agricultural production was exchanged. Agriculture became more advanced during the crop culture stage. The invention of the wheel in 3400 BC revolutionized agriculture. The plough was invented around 2900 BC, enabling efficient farming. Iron tools were used by 1400 BC, enhancing agricultural productivity. Rice cultivation began around 2200 BC, transforming agriculture. The use of iron ploughs around 1000 BC increased efficiency in farming. By 1500 AD, crops like oranges, brinjals, and pomegranates were cultivated in India. European crop introductions in the 16th century included potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco. Development of Scientific Agriculture (Global) Francis Bacon (1561-1624) initiated experimentation in plant nutrition. Jan Baptiste Van Helmont’s “willow tree experiment” proved that water is essential for plant growth. Arthur Young (1741-1820) published Annals of Agriculture, promoting agricultural experimentation. Theodor de Saussure contributed to understanding plant photosynthesis. Justus von Liebig, the father of agricultural chemistry, developed the “law of minimum.” G.R. Glanber discovered the role of saltpeter as a plant nutrient. Jethro Tull advocated for fine soil particles as essential plant nutrients. Priestley (1730-1799) discovered oxygen, crucial for plant respiration. Thomas Jefferson developed the mouldboard plough in 1793. Liebig’s law of minimum emphasizes the need for minerals in soil for plant growth. The agricultural experiment station at Rothamsted, UK, began in 1843 to study soil nutrients. U.S. land grant colleges promoted agricultural education and research in the 19th century. In 1866, Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of heredity, advancing plant breeding. Charles Darwin’s work on cross and self-fertilization in plants (1876) influenced genetics. Thomas Malthus proposed that food production might not keep up with population growth. Blackman’s theory of limiting factors (1905) explained how multiple factors affect plant growth. Mitscherlich’s law of diminishing returns showed smaller growth increases with each added nutrient. Wilcox’s inverse yield nitrogen law (1929) relates nitrogen levels in soil to crop yield. Development of Scientific Agriculture in India Scientific agriculture gained momentum in India during the 19th century. Famine in the late 1800s prompted agricultural reforms by the British government. The Upper Bari Doab Canal was constructed in Punjab during Lord Dalhousie’s period (1848-1856). The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was established in Pusa, Bihar, in 1905. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was founded in 1929 to lead research efforts. The Green Revolution in India began in the 1960s with high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. Pantnagar in UP became India’s first agricultural university in 1962. ICAR’s multi-dimensional research now includes biotechnology and tissue culture. The first agricultural university in Tamil Nadu, Madras Agricultural College, was established in 1876. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University was founded in 1971. The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was relocated to New Delhi after the Bihar earthquake. Agricultural Research Institutions in India ICAR is the central body controlling agricultural research institutes in India. The Central Rice Research Institute is located in Cuttack. The Sugarcane Breeding Institute is based in Coimbatore. The Central Institute of Cotton Research is located in Nagpur. The Indian Institute of Horticultural Research is located in Bangalore. The Central Potato Research Institute is based in Shimla. The Central Soil and Water Conservation Research Institute is in Dehradun. The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute is in Kochi. The Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums is located in Ranchi. The National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology is in Bangalore.

Agriculture One Liner, Agronomy One Liner

Agronomy One-Liner – 1st

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General Facts Agronomy is the science of soil management and crop production. It is the combination of some aspects of biology, chemistry, ecology, earth science, and genetics. The science of agronomy aims at enhancing food production with resource conservation. It encompasses research on plant genetics, soil science, meteorology, and pest control. The goal of an agronomist is to make farming more productive and resource-friendly. History The word “agronomy” comes from the Greek words “agros,” meaning field, and “nomos,” meaning law. Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians were some of the earliest practitioners of agronomy, in that they established irrigation systems. The rise of modern agronomy started in the 19th century with discoveries in chemistry and biology. Norman Borlaug was an agronomist known as the “Father of the Green Revolution” who was awarded a Nobel Prize for his research to increase crop yields. High-yielding crop varieties and new farming practices became part of the worldwide Green Revolution. Soil Science Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, air, and water. There are more than 12,000 varieties of soil worldwide. The soil pH determines the plant nutrition. Loam soil is suited for farming because of balanced sand, silt, and clay. Soil erosion in agriculture is a major concern by reducing arable land. Crop Production Agronomists have explored the life cycle of crops so that planting and harvesting time would be optimized. Crop rotation helps improve soil fertility besides reducing pests. Wheat, rice, maize, and soybeans are some of the main crops worldwide. Legumes help in nitrogen fixation, which means the soil is healthier. Hybrid seeds are developed through cross-pollination of two parent plants for more production. Fertilizers and Nutrients Fertilizers contain three major macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). Organic fertilizers are made from animal manure or composted plants. Excessive fertilizer use can cause water pollution due to runoff. Precision agriculture involves the use of technology in applying fertilizers. Cover crops such as clover prevent nutrient loss from soil. Pest and Disease Management Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a combination of biological, cultural, and chemical control methods. Pesticides should be used in moderation to avoid resistance in pests. Biological controls, such as using ladybugs to control aphids, are non-toxic. Fungal diseases like rust and blight are common in cereal crops. Genetically modified crops have built-in pest resistance. Water Management Irrigation is essential for farming in arid regions. Drip irrigation conserves water by delivering it directly to plant roots. Rain-fed agriculture depends entirely on natural rainfall. Waterlogging can damage crops by depriving roots of oxygen. Drought-tolerant crop varieties are essential for water-scarce regions. Sustainable Practices Conservation tillage minimizes soil disturbance and reduces erosion. Agroforestry integrates trees and shrubs into farming systems. Organic farming avoids synthetic chemicals and focuses on natural processes. Cover cropping and mulching reduce the need for chemical inputs. Sustainable agriculture practices aim at minimizing the carbon footprint in agriculture. Technology in Agronomy Precision agriculture with GPS and sensors ensures farming in the most efficient way. Crop health monitoring with drones, and field management by drones Genetic engineering enhances crop resilience and increases productivity. AI and machine learning helps in weather forecasting and pest infestation Soil sensors measure real-time moisture and nutrient levels Climate and Weather Climate change effects on crops, water availability, and pests Agronomists study drought tolerance to mitigate climate change effects. Heat stress during flowering can minimize crop production. Late spring frosts can destroy planting early. Agroclimatology is the association between the crop and weather. Food Security Global hunger would be reduced by greater dependence on agronomy. The world population needs to achieve a new production of 70 per cent in food by 2050. Urban agriculture is emerging that tackles issues of food deserts in metropolitan centers. Crop diversity safeguards crops from diseases and climate factor impact. Post-harvest losses take up a big share of the wasted food worldwide. Weeds and Their Management Weeds compete for light, water, and nutrients with the crops. Herbicides are chemicals which are used in weed management. In small-scale farming, manual weeding is still quite common. Crop spacing and mulching minimize weed growth. Some of the weeds, like parthenium, are invasive and injurious to agriculture. Genetics and Breeding Plant breeding enhances crop yield and its resistance to stress. Open-pollinated seeds reproduce true to type. Hybrid seeds have to be bought every year in order to have the maximum yield. CRISPR technology allows for very precise changes in genetics. Genetic diversity is the basis for crop sustainability over the long run. Economic Contribution Agronomy is an important sector in the global economy. In developing countries, agriculture forms a major portion of the GDP. Export crops like coffee and cotton are important to the economies of some countries. Long-term sustainability reduces production costs. Crop commodity prices change with changes in demand and supply globally. Global Practices Asia is the world’s biggest rice producer. North America is characterized by massive mechanized farming. Africans are mainly engaged in subsistence farming. Organic farming and sustainability-oriented farming are prominent in Europe. Latin America is a world leader in soy and coffee production. Future of Agronomy Vertical farming increases yield in areas with limited space. Carbon farming deals with carbon sequestration in soils. Lab-grown meat is likely to reduce the demand for traditional livestock farming. Further optimization of water use through smart irrigation systems. Renewable energy, such as solar-powered gear, will be the norm. Fun Facts Plant roots can release chemical signals that alert the plant to possible pests. Soil harbors billions of microorganisms in one gram. Earthworms enhance soil aeration and fertility. Rice is the food staple for more than half the world’s population. There is a seed bank in Svalbard to save seeds for planting in the future. Overuse of pesticides can create “super pests.” Organic farming uses natural predators to kill pests. The rhizosphere is that portion of soil affected by root activity. Photosynthesis is the process where plants capture solar energy as a fuel source. Nitrogen is usually the most deficient nutrient found in soils. 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IBPS-SO/AFO Exam Complete Study Material

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IBPS-SO/AFO Exam Complete Study Material IBPS-SO/AFO The IBPS SO/AFO is a test conducted by the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) to recruit the candidates for a place of Agricultural Field Officer in public sector banks. This is an extreme position for individuals with agricultural background. Thus, it becomes important to have the study materials to crack the exam. One Liner IBPS-SO/AFO MCQs IBPS-SO/AFO Mock Tests IBPS-SO/AFO Notes IBPS-SO/AFO PYQ Paper IBPS-SO/AFO

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Free Agriculture Heritage In India Mock Test

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Agriculture Heritage In India Test Free Mock Test Series for ICAR-JRF/SRF, BHU, Pre PG, CUET, IBPS-AFO, IBPS-RRB, NABARD, etc. All Agriculture Competitive Exams Agriculture Heritage In India Test 70 Questions 45 minutes 70 Marks Attempt Agriculture Heritage in India Test: Mock Test Series Outline This free mock test series on Agriculture Heritage in India has been prepared as an assistance for the Aspirants for preparation on the entrance tests, namely ICAR-JRF/SRF, BHU Pre-PG, CUET, IBPS-AFO, IBPS-RRB, NABARD, etc. in and around Agriculture Entrance Exams. Main Features: Test: Agriculture Heritage in India Test. No of Questions 70 Duration:45 minutes. Total Marks : 70 What Will It Include? Evolution of agriculture in India, Traditional agriculture practice. contributions from ancient Indian writers and thinkers. Indigenous Farming Methods. Significant Steps in Indian Agricultural Progress. Schemes, policies, and reforms in Agriculture. Why Prepare for this Exam? All-inclusive content based on the study material prepared for competitive examinations. Timed practice test. Measures the amount of preparation done and points out weaknesses. The free mock test series aligns with the latest trends of exam patterns and syllabus. This mock test will surely increase the winning chances for all the agriculture-related competitive examinations!

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FCI AG- III (Hindi) Mock Test Series

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FCI Grade 3 FCI AG- III (Hindi) Mock Test Series   What’s Insulated 30 Full-Length Mock Test Series 10 Mock Test Phase I, Paper 1 10 Mock Test Phase II, Paper 1 10 Mock Test Phase II, Paper 2 Negative Marking Unlimited Attempts 12 Month Validity FCI FCI AG- III (Hindi) Mock Test Series 999 ₹ 399 30 Full-Length Mock Test Series 10 Mock Test Phase I, Paper 1 10 Mock Test Phase II, Paper 1 10 Mock Test Phase II, Paper 2 Unlimited Attempts Test like Original FCI 12 Month Validity Buy Now New Phase I, Paper 1 Mock Test Series View Phase II, Paper 1 Mock Test Series View Phase II, Paper 2 Mock Test Series View Course Details To prepare a Mock Test Series for the FCI AG-III (Hindi) position with the specified structure, here’s an outline of the series design: Test Series Plan: Phase-I Mock Tests Number of Tests: 10 Paper Format: Total Questions: 100 Question Types: Objective/Multiple Choice Suggested Sections: Reasoning Ability (25 Questions) Quantitative Aptitude (25 Questions) General Awareness (25 Questions) English Language (25 Questions) Duration: 1 Hour Focus: Foundational skills, speed, and accuracy. Phase-II Mock Tests Paper-1: Number of Tests: 10 Total Questions: 120 Suggested Sections: Reasoning and Computer Aptitude (40 Questions) Data Analysis and Interpretation (30 Questions) General Awareness (including Current Affairs) (25 Questions) English Language (25 Questions) Duration: 90 Minutes Focus: Advanced problem-solving, current affairs, and analytical ability. Paper-2: Number of Tests: 10 Total Questions: 60 Specific Focus: Proficiency in Hindi Translation from Hindi to English and vice versa Vocabulary, Grammar, and Comprehensive knowledge of the Hindi language Duration: 1 Hour Focus: Subject-specific knowledge. Key Features to Include in the Mock Tests: Detailed Solutions: Provide step-by-step explanations for each question. Performance Analytics: Include time spent per question, accuracy rates, and percentile ranking. Varied Difficulty Levels: Ensure a mix of easy, moderate, and challenging questions. Adaptive Learning: Highlight weak areas and suggest practice topics. Language Support: Include Hindi and English for bilingual aspirants.

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