1. What is the primary source of genetic variation in sexually propagated horticultural plants?
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) Apomixis
d) Somatic mutation
Correct Answer: b) Meiosis
Meiosis is the process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that leads to the formation of gametes, introducing genetic variation through recombination and independent assortment. This variation is critical in seed-propagated horticultural plants, unlike mitosis (for growth), apomixis (asexual seed production), or somatic mutation (rare, non-gametic changes).
2. The equilateral triangle system of planting accommodates how many more trees than square system?
a) 15%
b) 20%
c) 25%
d) 30%
Correct Answer: a) 15%
The equilateral triangle or hexagonal system allows for denser planting by reducing space wastage between trees, accommodating approximately 15% more trees compared to the square system, which is commonly used in orchards for uniform spacing.
3. Interspecific hybrid variety of tomato is?
a) Pusa Ruby
b) Pusa Gaurav
c) Pusa Red plum
d) Pusa Uphar
Correct Answer: c) Pusa Red plum
Pusa Red Plum is an interspecific hybrid tomato variety developed by crossing Solanum lycopersicum with wild relatives for improved disease resistance and fruit quality, unlike other Pusa varieties which are intraspecific.
4. Pusa Bindu is brinjal while Arka Bindu is?
a) Onion
b) Carrot
c) Radish
d) Okra
Correct Answer: a) Onion
Arka Bindu is a multiple bulb onion variety developed by IIHR Bengaluru for high yield and storage quality, paralleling Pusa Bindu in brinjal which is a compact hybrid for protected cultivation.
5. Headquarter of AICVIP is located at?
a) IARI, New Delhi
b) IIHR, Bengaluru
c) IIVR, Varanasi
d) None of the above
Correct Answer: c) IIVR, Varanasi
The All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project (AICVIP) headquarters is at the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR) in Varanasi, coordinating vegetable crop research across India.
6. Person regarded as the father of tomato in India is?
a) Dr. Harbhajan Singh
b) Dr. G. Kallo
c) Dr. Shyam Dibakar
d) Dr. C.M. Rick
Correct Answer: b) Dr. G. Kallo
Dr. G. Kalloo, a renowned plant breeder at IIVR, is known as the father of tomato breeding in India for developing high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties like Arka Rakshak and Pusa hybrids.
7. Hybrid tea roses are a cross of?
a) Rosa chinensis × R. gigantean
b) Tea rose × Polyanthas
c) Polyanthas × Hybrid perpetual
d) Hybrid perpetual × Tea roses
Correct Answer: d) Hybrid perpetual × Tea roses
Hybrid tea roses, popular for cut flowers, originated from crosses between hybrid perpetual (repeat blooming) and tea roses (fragrant, evergreen), combining vigor, fragrance, and continuous flowering.
8. Indian Institute of Horticulture was established at Bengaluru during __.?
a) 1955
b) 1968
c) 1990
d) 1947
Correct Answer: b) 1968
The Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (IIHR) was established in 1968 in Bengaluru to advance research in tropical and subtropical horticultural crops like fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals.
9. Russet sprouting in lettuce is caused due to?
a) Ethylene exposure
b) Heat stress
c) Moisture imbalance
d) Nitrogen deficiency
Correct Answer: a) Ethylene exposure
Russet spotting in lettuce, a physiological disorder causing brown spots, is induced by ethylene gas exposure during storage or transport, leading to membrane lipid peroxidation.
10. Sympodial Orchid is?
a) Aerides
b) Aranda
c) Cattleya
d) Vanda
Correct Answer: c) Cattleya
Cattleya orchids exhibit sympodial growth, where new pseudobulbs arise laterally from a rhizome, unlike monopodial Vanda which grows from a single vertical stem.
11. Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) is situated at?
a) Mysore
b) Kolkata
c) Chennai
d) Hyderabad
Correct Answer: a) Mysore
The Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) in Mysore, under DRDO, focuses on food technology for defense, including preservation of perishable horticultural produce for military rations.
12. An important crop of commercial grain cultivation is?
a) Wheat
b) Sugarcane
c) Cotton
d) Jute
Correct Answer: a) Wheat
Wheat is a key commercial grain crop globally and in India, used for flour and food products, with high market value; others are cash crops but not grains.
13. The Green Revolution in India was initially focused on increasing the production of which of the following crops?
a) Pulses and oilseeds
b) Wheat and rice
c) Fruits and vegetables
d) Sugarcane and cotton
Correct Answer: b) Wheat and rice
The Green Revolution prioritized wheat and rice using HYV seeds, irrigation, and fertilizers to boost food security in the 1960s, led by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.
14. Identify the correct statement/s from the following regarding Food Security Bill, 2013.
a) The Bill provides food safety benefits to the 50% of the urban population and 75% of the rural population.
b) Beneficiaries will be provided rice at Rs. 3/-kg, coarse grains at Re. 1/-kg and wheat at Rs. 2/-kg per month.
a) Both A and B are correct
b) Both A and B are incorrect
c) Only A is correct
d) Only B is correct
Correct Answer: a) Both A and B are correct
The National Food Security Act 2013 targets 75% rural and 50% urban poor with subsidized grains at fixed low prices to combat hunger.
15. Consider the following statements about India’s fertilizer sector: 1. India fully meets its potash fertiliser demand domestically. 2. Urea is the most produced nitrogen fertiliser. 3. Fertiliser output grew after the Green Revolution. 4. Gujarat and Kerala contribute modestly to fertiliser production. Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) 1 and 3 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 2 and 3 only
Correct Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
Urea dominates nitrogen fertilizer production; output surged post-Green Revolution due to demand. India imports potash, and Gujarat is a major producer.
16. The golden revolution in India related to the agriculture sector is referred to as?
a) Cashew cultivation
b) Coconut production
c) Horticulture and honey
d) Minerals
Correct Answer: c) Horticulture and honey
The Golden Revolution (1991-2003) boosted horticulture (fruits, vegetables) and honey production for higher farmer incomes and exports.
17. The Golden Revolution in Indian agricultural sector is related with?
a) Minerals
b) Coconut production
c) Horticulture
d) Cashew cultivation
Correct Answer: c) Horticulture
It focused on increasing production and productivity of horticultural crops like fruits and vegetables through technology and market linkages.
18. Which colour is associated with the revolution in fertilisers?
a) Pink
b) Golden
c) Black
d) Grey
Correct Answer: d) Grey
The Grey Revolution refers to advancements in fertilizer production and use to enhance soil fertility and crop yields.
19. Muga silk is associated to which of the following states of India?
a) Arunachal Pradesh
b) Bihar
c) Maharashtra
d) Assam
Correct Answer: d) Assam
Muga silk, produced by Antheraea assamensis, is indigenous to Assam, known for its golden sheen and used in traditional textiles.
20. In the year ______, Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, issued special stamps titled ‘Wheat Revolution’ to usher in the Green Revolution.
a) 1987
b) 1975
c) 1943
d) 1968
Correct Answer: d) 1968
The 1968 stamp commemorated the success of high-yielding wheat varieties in achieving food self-sufficiency.
21. The expected returns to farmers by way of MSP (Minimum Support Price) over their cost of production for barley for marketing season 2021–22 is estimated at ______.
a) 65%
b) 93%
c) 50%
d) 106%
Correct Answer: a) 65%
MSP ensures 65% returns over production costs for barley, incentivizing cultivation and stabilizing prices.
22. The region where farmers specialise in vegetables only, this type of farming is known as?
a) Cooperative farming
b) Mixed farming
c) Truck farming
d) Collective farming
Correct Answer: c) Truck farming
Truck farming specializes in perishable vegetables grown near urban markets for quick transport ("truck").
23. Which type of farming is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land?
a) Extensive subsistence farming
b) Commercial farming
c) Primitive subsistence farming
d) Intensive subsistence farming
Correct Answer: d) Intensive subsistence farming
It involves labor-intensive methods on small landholdings in densely populated regions like Asia to maximize output.
24. In which Indian state is bamboo drip irrigation system a very old practice?
a) Chattisgarh
b) Meghalaya
c) Telangana
d) Maharashtra
Correct Answer: b) Meghalaya
This indigenous system uses bamboo pipes to deliver water drop by drop to roots, conserving water in hilly terrains.
25. _______ is the primary sector of the Indian economy.
a) Banking
b) Information and Technology
c) Agriculture
d) Judiciary
Correct Answer: c) Agriculture
Agriculture contributes significantly to GDP and employment, forming the base of the primary sector including allied activities.
26. Which hormone is primarily responsible for fruit ripening in horticultural crops like banana and tomato?
a) Auxin
b) Gibberellin
c) Ethylene
d) Cytokinin
Correct Answer: c) Ethylene
Ethylene, a gaseous plant hormone, triggers climacteric ripening by breaking down cell walls and increasing respiration in fruits.
27. The most common method of propagation for apple orchards is?
a) Seeds
b) Cuttings
c) Grafting
d) Layering
Correct Answer: c) Grafting
Grafting onto rootstocks like M9 ensures dwarfing, disease resistance, and true-to-type fruiting in apples, as seeds lead to variability.
28. Which variety of mango is known as the 'King of Fruits' and originated in India?
a) Alphonso
b) Dashehari
c) Langra
d) All of the above
Correct Answer: d) All of the above
Mango (Mangifera indica) varieties like Alphonso, Dashehari, and Langra are iconic Indian cultivars, with Alphonso prized for flavor and export.
29. Blossom end rot in tomato is caused by deficiency of?
a) Nitrogen
b) Potassium
c) Calcium
d) Phosphorus
Correct Answer: c) Calcium
Calcium deficiency impairs cell wall formation in fruit tips, exacerbated by irregular watering in tomatoes.
30. The ideal pH range for most vegetable crops is?
a) 4.5-5.5
b) 6.0-7.5
c) 7.5-8.5
d) 8.5-9.5
Correct Answer: b) 6.0-7.5
Neutral to slightly acidic soil pH (6.0-7.5) optimizes nutrient availability for roots in vegetables like tomato and cabbage.
31. Which institute developed the grape variety 'Sharad Seedless'?
a) IIHR Bengaluru
b) NRC Grapes Pune
c) IARI Delhi
d) CISH Lucknow
Correct Answer: b) NRC Grapes Pune
The National Research Centre for Grapes in Pune bred Sharad Seedless for table purposes, offering early maturity and seedlessness.
32. Apomixis in horticulture refers to?
a) Sexual reproduction
b) Asexual seed formation
c) Vegetative propagation
d) Pollination mechanism
Correct Answer: b) Asexual seed formation
Apomixis produces seeds without fertilization, maintaining clonal uniformity in crops like citrus and mango.
33. The primary nutrient absorbed in largest quantity by fruit crops is?
a) Nitrogen
b) Phosphorus
c) Potassium
d) Calcium
Correct Answer: a) Nitrogen
Nitrogen promotes vegetative growth and chlorophyll synthesis, essential for high yields in fruit trees like guava.
34. Which pest is commonly known as the 'fruit borer' in brinjal?
a) Aphid
b) Leucinodes orbonalis
c) Whitefly
d) Thrips
Correct Answer: b) Leucinodes orbonalis
The shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) larvae bore into brinjal fruits, causing major losses; controlled by pheromones or biopesticides.
35. Layering is a propagation method best suited for?
a) Monocots
b) Dicots with difficult rooting
c) Annual herbs
d) Grasses
Correct Answer: b) Dicots with difficult rooting
Air or ground layering induces roots on stems while attached, ideal for woody dicots like jasmine or bougainvillea.
36. The 'wonder crop' of arid regions, suitable for horticulture, is?
a) Wheat
b) Date palm
c) Rice
d) Cotton
Correct Answer: b) Date palm
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) thrives in hot, dry climates, providing nutritious fruits and tolerant to salinity.
37. Vernalization in horticulture is used to?
a) Induce flowering in long-day plants
b) Promote seed germination
c) Shorten the juvenile phase
d) Induce flowering in biennials
Correct Answer: d) Induce flowering in biennials
Low-temperature treatment (vernalization) satisfies chilling requirements for flowering in biennials like carrot.
38. Which fungicide is commonly used for downy mildew control in grapes?
a) Mancozeb
b) Carbendazim
c) Copper oxychloride
d) All of the above
Correct Answer: d) All of the above
These systemic and contact fungicides target Plasmopara viticola, with rotation to prevent resistance.
39. The spacing for pineapple planting in rows is typically?
a) 30 x 30 cm
b) 60 x 60 cm
c) 90 x 90 cm
d) 120 x 120 cm
Correct Answer: a) 30 x 30 cm
Close spacing (30 cm) in double rows maximizes yield in pineapple, a bromeliad propagated by suckers.
40. Photo dormancy in seeds is broken by?
a) Gibberellic acid
b) Red light
c) Stratification
d) Scarification
Correct Answer: b) Red light
Phytochrome activation by red light (660 nm) overcomes light-sensitive dormancy in seeds like lettuce.
41. The major anthocyanin pigment in grapes is?
a) Cyanidin
b) Delphinidin
c) Malvidin
d) Peonidin
Correct Answer: c) Malvidin
Malvidin-3-glucoside imparts red-blue color to grape skins, influencing wine quality.
42. Which crop is propagated commercially by tissue culture on a large scale?
a) Potato
b) Banana
c) Wheat
d) Maize
Correct Answer: b) Banana
Micropropagation of banana ensures virus-free, uniform plants, vital for Cavendish cultivars.
43. Internal breakdown in pineapple is due to?
a) Calcium deficiency
b) High temperature during ripening
c) Ethylene excess
d) Nitrogen surplus
Correct Answer: b) High temperature during ripening
Interfruitlet corking and black heart result from heat stress affecting calcium uptake in developing fruits.
44. The rootstock for citrus in saline soils is?
a) Trifoliate orange
b) Rangpur lime
c) Rough lemon
d) Citrange
Correct Answer: b) Rangpur lime
Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) tolerates salinity and phytophthora, used in grafting for tolerant scions.
45. Which vitamin is abundantly present in amla (Indian gooseberry)?
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B
c) Vitamin C
d) Vitamin D
Correct Answer: c) Vitamin C
Amla contains 600-1800 mg/100g ascorbic acid, 20 times more than oranges, aiding immunity.
46. The disease 'little leaf' in brinjal is caused by?
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