MCQ on Plant Protection in Ancient Period for ICAR-JEF, ICAR-SRF, ICAR-NET, IBPS-AFO/SO, Pre-PG, BHU Pre-PG, IFFCO-AGT, CCI, FCI, B.sc, M.sc, All Agriculture Competitive Exams.

1. What were some of the methods used for plant protection in ancient India?
a) Chemical pesticides
b) Prayers and mantras
c) Biological control
d) Crop rotation – **Answer:** b) Prayers and mantras – **Explanation:** The text mentions that in ancient India, the only methods known for protecting
crops were prayers and mantras.

2. What were some of the pests mentioned in Sanskrit affecting crops?
a) Aphids and caterpillars
b) Gandhi, Shankhi, Pandarmundi
c) Ladybugs and grasshoppers
d) Beetles and flies – **Answer:** b) Gandhi, Shankhi, Pandarmundi – **Explanation:** The text lists pests such as gandhi, Shankhi, and Pandarmundi affecting crops.

3. What is “gandhi” believed to represent among the listed pests?
a) Offensive odor
b) Leaf-chewing insect
c) Soil-borne fungus
d) Grain-eating bird – **Answer:** a) Offensive odor – **Explanation:** The text suggests that “gandhi” corresponds to the offensive odor, possibly
referring to the gandhi bug.

4. What could “shankhi” likely be according to the text?
a) Beetle
b) Snail
c) Caterpillar
d) Grasshopper – **Answer:** b) Snail – **Explanation:** The text indicates that “shankhi” must be a snail.

5. What does “pandarmundi” signify in the context of crop damage?
a) Yellowing leaves
b) White head symptom
c) Black spots on stems
d) Wilting of plants – **Answer:** b) White head symptom – **Explanation:** The text suggests that “pandarmundi” means white head, which is a typical
symptom of the attack of rice stem borer.

6. What is the possible meaning of “dhuli” in relation to plant diseases?
a) Powdery mildew
b) Rust disease
c) Leaf spot
d) Root rot – **Answer:** a) Powdery mildew – **Explanation:** The text indicates that “dhuli” means powder, which could refer to powdery
mildew of wheat and barley.

7. According to ancient Indian beliefs, what were considered the causes of internal plant diseases?
a) Insects and birds
b) Fungi and bacteria
c) Vata, pitta, and kafa
d) Weather conditions – **Answer:** c) Vata, pitta, and kafa – **Explanation:** The text mentions that ancient Indians considered internal diseases of plants to
be caused by “vata”, “pitta”, and “kafa”.

8. How were plant diseases categorized based on their causes?
a) External and internal
b) Biotic and abiotic
c) Fungal and bacterial
d) Viral and parasitic – **Answer:** a) External and internal – **Explanation:** The text states that ancient Indians categorized plant diseases into two
categories: internal and external.

9. Which animals were mentioned as destroyers of crops in ancient India?
a) Lions and tigers
116
b) Goats, rats, wild boars
c) Elephants and bears
d) Wolves and foxes – **Answer:** b) Goats, rats, wild boars – **Explanation:** The text lists goats, rats, and wild boars among the animals mentioned as
destroyers of crops.

10. What is suggested as the trigger for developing plant protection technology in ancient India?
a) Increased rainfall
b) Economic injury level
c) Crop rotation practices
d) Introduction of chemical pesticides – **Answer:** b) Economic injury level – **Explanation:** The text implies that when the damage to crops due to different pests reached
the economic injury level, people might have started thinking about plant protection and developing
protection technology.

11. According to Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda, what kind of diseases are bacteria, viruses, and nematodes categorized as?
a) External diseases
b) Internal diseases
c) Fungal diseases
d) Abiotic diseases – **Answer:** b) Internal diseases – **Explanation:** Bacteria, viruses, and nematodes are mentioned in the context of internal
Disorders were observed in trees in Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda.

12. What are the symptoms attributed to the presence of Vata in trees according to Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda?
a) Leaf yellowing and premature drop
b) Trunk slender and crooked, knots on trunk or leaves
c) Decay of flowers and fruits
d) Generally yellowing of leaves and fruits – **Answer:** b) Trunk slender and crooked, knots on trunk or leaves – **Explanation:** Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda attributes symptoms such as trunk slender and crooked, knots on trunk or leaves, and generally yellowing of leaves and fruits to the presence of Vata in trees.

13. What is suggested as the cause of Vata according to Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda?
a) Excessive watering
b) Saline or alkaline soils
c) Arid land with excessive supply of dry and pungent matters
d) Viral diseases – **Answer:** c) Arid land with excessive supply of dry and pungent matters – **Explanation:** Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda states that Vata occurs on arid land due to excessive
supply of dry and pungent matters.

14. Which of the following is listed as a possible cause for symptoms attributed to Pitta according to Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda?
a) Root-infecting fungi
b) Leaf-galling insects
c) Salinity in irrigation water
d) Underground mechanical barrier – **Answer:** c) Salinity in irrigation water – **Explanation:** Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda mentions salinity in irrigation water as a possible
cause for symptoms attributed to Pitta.

15. When do symptoms attributed to Pitta usually occur according to Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda?
a) Early spring
b) Midsummer
c) End of summer
d) Autumn – **Answer:** c) End of summer – **Explanation:** Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda mentions that symptoms attributed to Pitta occur at
the end of summer if trees are excessively watered with bitter, sour, salty, and strong materials.

16. What is suggested as a possible cause for fruit decays according to Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda?
a) Leaf-galling insects
b) Root-infecting fungi
c) Salinity in irrigation water
d) Viral diseases
– **Answer:** d) Viral diseases
– **Explanation:** Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda suggests that fruit decays could be due to viral
diseases.

17. According to Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda, what kind of diseases are insects categorized as?
a) External diseases
b) Internal diseases
c) Fungal diseases
d) Biotic diseases – **Answer:** a) External diseases – **Explanation:** Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda categorizes insects as external diseases affecting
trees.

18. What external factor is listed as a possible cause for symptoms attributed to Vata?
a) Frost
b) Waterlogging
c) Drought
d) Excessive watering – **Answer:** c) Drought – **Explanation:** Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda mentions drought as an external factor causing
symptoms attributed to Vata.

19. What external factor is listed as a possible cause for symptoms attributed to Pitta?
a) Frost
b) Waterlogging
c) Drought
d) Excessive watering – **Answer:** d) Excessive watering – **Explanation:** Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda mentions excessive watering with bitter, sour, salty,
and strong materials as a possible cause for symptoms attributed to Pitta.

20. What external factor is listed as a possible cause for symptoms attributed to frost?
a) Leaf-galling insects
b) Root-infecting fungi
c) Salinity in irrigation water
d) Arid land with excessive supply of dry and pungent matters
– **Answer:** a) Leaf-galling insects
– **Explanation:** Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda suggests leaf-galling insects as a possible cause for
symptoms attributed to frost.

21. According to the given text, what kind of diseases are categorized as Kapha-related?
a) Internal diseases
b) Fungal diseases
c) Viral diseases
d) External diseases – **Answer:** a) Internal diseases – **Explanation:** The symptoms described, such as delayed fruit-bearing and tasteless,
prematurely ripening fruits with oozing, indicate internal disorders associated with Kapha.

22. What is suggested as a possible cause for delayed fruit-bearing and premature ripening of fruits
according to the given text?
a) Nutrient deficiencies
b) Excessive watering
c) Insect pests
d) Fungal gummosis/rot – **Answer:** b) Excessive watering – **Explanation:** The text mentions that if trees are excessively watered with sweet, oily, sour, or
cold materials, symptoms like delayed fruit-bearing and premature fruit ripening may occur.

23. What practice from ancient times is highlighted as similar to seed treatment in IPM?
a) Fumigation
b) Field application
c) Sprinkling of aqueous suspension
d) Seed treatment with milk, mustard, sesame-ash, and cow dung – **Answer:** d) Seed treatment with milk, mustard, sesame-ash, and cow dung – **Explanation:** The text states that seed treatment in ancient times involved using milk,
mustard, sesame-ash, and cow dung, similar to modern-day seed treatment practices in IPM.

24. How were diseases of cucurbits controlled in ancient times, as mentioned in the text?
a) Sprinkling of aqueous suspension
b) Hand-dusting of various materials
c) Fumigation with cow and dog bones mixed with cat excreta
d) Smoking of a mixture of white mustard and black pepper
– **Answer:** c) Fumigation with cow and dog bones mixed with cat excreta
– **Explanation:** The text mentions that diseases of cucurbits were controlled by smoking a
mixture of cow and dog bones mixed with cat excreta.

25. What method was used for the control of insect pests in ancient times, as per the text?
a) Sprinkling of aqueous suspension
b) Hand-dusting of various materials
c) Fumigation with cow and dog bones mixed with cat excreta
d) Seed treatment with milk, mustard, sesame-ash, and cow dung – **Answer:** b) Hand-dusting of various materials – **Explanation:** The text indicates that hand-dusting of various materials was used for the control of insect pests in ancient times.

26. What materials were used for seed treatment in ancient times, according to the text?
a) Cow and dog bones mixed with cat excreta
b) Aqueous suspension of herbs and spices
c) Milk, mustard, sesame-ash, and cow dung
d) White mustard, black pepper, and asafoetida – **Answer:** c) Milk, mustard, sesame-ash, and cow dung – **Explanation:** The text mentions that seeds were treated with milk, mustard, sesame-ash, and cow dung for better germination and protection against insect pests.

27. What aspect of plant protection in ancient times is highlighted as similar to modern fumigation
practices?
a) Sprinkling of aqueous suspension
b) Seed treatment with milk, mustard, sesame-ash, and cow dung
c) Smoking of a mixture of various herbs and spices
d) Fumigation with cow and dog bones mixed with cat excreta – **Answer:** c) Smoking of a mixture of various herbs and spices – **Explanation:** The text mentions that although fumigation methods were not as developed in
ancient times, the concept of fumigation was prevalent, such as controlling diseases of cucurbits by
smoking a mixture of various materials.

28. Which of the following materials was NOT mentioned as part of the mixture used for smoking to
control insects infesting trees in ancient times?
a) Beef
b) Horn of a buffalo
c) Flesh of pigeon
d) Black pepper – **Answer:** d) Black pepper – **Explanation:** The text mentions white mustard, black pepper, asafoetida, vidanga, vaca, beef,
horn of a buffalo, flesh of pigeon, and powder of bhillata as part of the smoking mixture.

29. What was NOT listed as a possible cause for Kapha-related symptoms in trees?
a) Fungal gummosis/rot
b) Nutrient deficiencies or toxicities
c) Excessive watering
d) Smoking of herbs and spices – **Answer:** d) Smoking of herbs and spices – **Explanation:** Smoking of herbs and spices is mentioned as a method for insect pest control,
not as a cause for Kapha-related symptoms.

30. Which season is mentioned as a time when symptoms attributed to Kapha usually appear if trees
are excessively watered with certain materials?
a) Summer
b) Autumn
c) Winter and spring
d) Monsoon – **Answer:** c) Winter and spring – **Explanation:** The text states that symptoms attributed to Kapha appear in winter and spring
if trees are excessively watered with sweet, oily, sour, or cold materials.

31. According to the given information, what method is recommended for controlling insects
infesting creepers?
a) Sprinkling water mixed with oilcake
b) Dusting cowdung-ash and brick-dust
c) Watering trees with cold water for 7 days
d) Sprinkling milk mixed with vidanga, sesame, cow’s urine, ghee, and mustard – **Answer:** a) Sprinkling water mixed with oilcake – **Explanation:** Insects infesting creepers can be controlled by sprinkling water mixed with
oilcake, as mentioned in the provided text.

32. What method is suggested for destroying leaf-eating insects?
a) Sprinkling water mixed with oilcake
b) Dusting cowdung-ash and brick-dust
c) Watering trees with cold water for 7 days
d) Sprinkling milk mixed with vidanga, sesame, cow’s urine, ghee, and mustard – **Answer:** b) Dusting cowdung-ash and brick-dust – **Explanation:** Leaf-eating insects can be destroyed by dusting cowdung-ash and brick-dust,
according to the provided information.

33. How are trees watered to remove insects from the roots and branches?
a) With warm water for 3 days
b) With cold water for 7 days
c) With oilcake-infused water
d) With milk and honey mixture – **Answer:** b) With cold water for 7 days – **Explanation:** Trees are watered with cold water for 7 days to remove insects from the roots
and branches, as mentioned in the text.

34. What remedy is suggested for healing wounds caused by insects?
a) Sprinkling water mixed with oilcake
b) Dusting cowdung-ash and brick-dust
c) Watering trees with cold water for 7 days
d) Sprinkling milk after being anointed with a mixture of vidanga, sesame, cow’s urine, ghee, and
mustard – **Answer:** d) Sprinkling milk after being anointed with a mixture of vidanga, sesame, cow’s
urine, ghee, and mustard – **Explanation:** A wound caused by insects is healed if sprinkled with milk after being anointed
with the mentioned mixture, as per the text.

35. What term has been recently coined, emphasizing the use of botanicals instead of chemical
pesticides in IPM?
a) Organic pesticides
b) Eco-friendly pesticides
c) Synthetic pesticides
d) Biodegradable pesticides – **Answer:** b) Eco-friendly pesticides – **Explanation:** The given information mentions the term “eco-friendly pesticides” coined
recently, emphasizing the use of botanicals instead of chemical pesticides in IPM.

36. Which author and period recommended the use of the root of vasika for pest management?
a) Varahamihira (505-587 AD)
b) Surapala (Ancient/Medieval period)
c) Justicia adhatoda (Ancient/Medieval period)
d) Vasika (Ancient/Medieval period) – **Answer:** a) Varahamihira (505-587 AD) – **Explanation:** Varahamihira (505-587 AD) recommended the use of the root of vasika for pest
management, as mentioned in the text.

37. What properties are associated with the root of vasika as listed in the provided information?
a) Soothing effect, insecticidal, antifungal, antibacterial, anthelmintic
b) Antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antifeeding
c) Antimicrobial, antifeeding, antifungal, antiviral
d) Insecticidal, anthelmintic, antifungal, antiviral – **Answer:** a) Soothing effect, insecticidal, antifungal, antibacterial, anthelmintic – **Explanation:** The root of vasika is associated with properties such as a soothing effect,
insecticidal, antifungal, antibacterial, and anthelmintic, according to the provided information.

38. What is the famous botanical mixture commonly used for plant protection, as mentioned in the
text?
a) Mustard
b) Cowdung-ash and brick-dust
c) Panchamula (roots of five plants)
d) Vidanga, sesame, cow’s urine, ghee, and mustard – **Answer:** c) Panchamula (roots of five plants) – **Explanation:** The famous “panchamula” (roots of five plants) is commonly used for plant
protection, as mentioned in the text.

39. What activity involves the use of mustard according to the text?
a) Dusting cowdung-ash and brick-dust
b) Sprinkling water mixed with oilcake
c) Watering trees with cold water for 7 days
d) Controlling diseases caused by “kafa” – **Answer:** d) Controlling diseases caused by “kafa” – **Explanation:** Mustard had been used for all kinds of diseases caused by “kafa”, according to
the text.

40. What is NOT listed as a method for pest management during Ancient and Medieval periods in
India?
a) Seed treatment with botanical extracts
b) Sprinkling water mixed with oilcake
c) Dusting cowdung-ash and brick-dust
d) Fumigation with chemical pesticides – **Answer:** d) Fumigation with chemical pesticides – **Explanation:** The given information does not mention fumigation with chemical pesticides as
a method for pest management during Ancient and Medieval periods in India.

41. What property is associated with the branches and leaves of atimuktaka (Hiptage enghalensis)
according to Varahamihira?
a) Insecticidal leaf juice
b) Insect antixenosis
c) Anthelmintic
d) Piscicidal – **Answer:** a) Insecticidal leaf juice – **Explanation:** Varahamihira mentions that the branches and leaves of atimuktaka have
insecticidal leaf juice.

42. Which plant, according to Surapala, exhibits properties such as insect antixenosis, antibiosis,
acaricidal, nematicidal, and antifungal?
a) Mustard (Sinapis alba)
b) Bidanga (vidanga) (Embelia ribes)
c) Ash
d) Sesame (Sesamum indicum) – **Answer:** a) Mustard (Sinapis alba) – **Explanation:** Surapala mentions that mustard exhibits properties such as insect antixenosis,
antibiosis, acaricidal, nematicidal, and antifungal.

43. What is the property associated with Bidanga (vidanga) (Embelia ribes) according to Surapala and
Someshwara Deva?
a) Insect repellent
b) Insecticidal oil
c) Anthelmintic
d) Allelopathic to rice
– **Answer:** c) Anthelmintic
– **Explanation:** According to Surapala and Someshwara Deva, Bidanga (vidanga) (Embelia ribes)
has anthelmintic properties.

44. What effect does Ash have on insect eggs on seeds, according to Someshwara Deva?
a) Desiccates
b) Softens seed coat
c) Speeds up germination
d) Provides micronutrients – **Answer:** a) Desiccates – **Explanation:** Ash desiccates insect eggs on seeds, according to Someshwara Deva.

45. What property is attributed to Sesame (Sesamum indicum) according to Surapala?
a) Insect repellent
b) Insecticidal oil
c) Allelopathic to rice
d) Antibacterial – **Answer:** c) Allelopathic to rice – **Explanation:** Surapala attributes the property of being allelopathic to rice to Sesame
(Sesamum indicum).

46. What property does Mahua (Madhuca spp.) possess according to Surapala?
a) Insect repellent
b) Insecticidal oil
c) Piscicidal
d) Anthelmintic – **Answer:** b) Insecticidal oil – **Explanation:** According to Surapala, Mahua (Madhuca spp.) possesses insecticidal oil.

47. What property is associated with Kusta (costus) (Saussurea lappa) according to Surapala?
a) Insect repellent
b) Insecticidal
c) Piscicidal
d) Antibacterial – **Answer:** b) Insecticidal
– **Explanation:** Surapala mentions that Kusta (costus) (Saussurea lappa) exhibits insecticidal properties.

48. What property does Bhallataka (Semecarpus anarcardium) possess according to Surapala?
a) Insect repellent
b) Antiseptic
c) Anthelmintic
d) All of the above – **Answer:** d) All of the above – **Explanation:** Surapala mentions that Bhallataka (Semecarpus anarcardium) possesses
insecticidal, antiseptic, termite-repellent, mildew moth-proofing of cloth, anthelmintic, and
antibacterial properties.

49. What property is NOT associated with Cotton (Gossypium spp) seed oil?
a) Insecticidal
b) Piscicidal
c) Antibacterial
d) Insect repellent – **Answer:** b) Piscicidal – **Explanation:** Piscicidal property is not associated with Cotton (Gossypium spp) seed oil based
on the provided information.

50. What is the property associated with the bark of atimuktaka (Hiptage enghalensis) according to
Varahamihira?
a) Insecticidal leaf juice
b) Glucoside (hiptagin) and tannins
c) Anthelmintic
d) Allelopathic to rice – **Answer:** b) Glucoside (hiptagin) and tannins – **Explanation:** Varahamihira mentions that the bark of atimuktaka (Hiptage enghalensis)
contains glucoside (hiptagin) and tannins.

51. What has been reported about milk sprays in relation to plant resistance against leaf curl, a viral
disease?
a) Milk sprays inhibit plant growth
b) Milk sprays induce systemic acquired resistance in plants
c) Milk sprays promote viral disease spread
d) Milk sprays increase susceptibility to leaf curl
– **Answer:** b) Milk sprays induce systemic acquired resistance in plants – **Explanation:** According to the provided information, recent reports claimed that milk sprays
induced systemically acquired resistance in chilli plants against leaf curl, a viral disease.

52. What properties make milk (10% aqueous suspension) effective in controlling powdery mildews?
a) Antifungal properties
b) Sticker-spreader properties
c) Antimicrobial properties
d) Antioxidant properties – **Answer:** b) Sticker-spreader properties – **Explanation:** The text mentions that milk (10% aqueous suspension) has excellent sticker
spreader properties, which make it effective in controlling powdery mildews.

53. What amino acid found in milk stimulates the production of antimicrobial phenolics and
increases the contents of cytokinin and auxins in plants?
a) Glutamate
b) Leucine
c) Proline
d) Glycine – **Answer:** c) Proline – **Explanation:** Proline is the amino acid found in milk that stimulates the production of
antimicrobial phenolics and increases the contents of cytokinin and auxins in plants, according to the
provided information.

54. What practice regarding cowdung has been indicated since the time of Kautilya (c. 300 BC)?
a) Using cowdung as fuel
b) Using cowdung as fertilizer only
c) Using cowdung for various agricultural purposes
d) Ignoring the use of cowdung in agriculture – **Answer:** c) Using cowdung for various agricultural purposes – **Explanation:** The text indicates that since the time of Kautilya (c. 300 BC), cowdung has been
indicated for various agricultural purposes, including dressing seeds, plastering cut ends of
vegetatively propagating units, dressing wounds, sprinkling diluted suspension on plants, and
applying to soil.

55. What are the constituents of cowdung mentioned in the text?
a) Crude fiber, crude protein, and lignin
b) Nitrogen, potash, and sulfur
c) Cellulose, lignin, and pentosans
d) Glutamate, leucine, and proline – **Answer:** a) Crude fiber, crude protein, and lignin – **Explanation:** The text mentions that cowdung consists of crude fiber, crude protein, and
materials that can be obtained in nitrogen-free extracts and ether extracts.

56. What is the approximate ratio of dung to urine in cowdung?
a) 1:1
b) 2:1
c) 3:1
d) 4:1 – **Answer:** c) 3:1 – **Explanation:** The text states that cowdung from the cattleshed is generally a mixture of dung
and urine in a ratio of 3:1.

57. What important nutrient is predominantly found in the urine portion of cowdung?
a) Nitrogen
b) Phosphorus
c) Potassium
d) Sulfur – **Answer:** a) Nitrogen – **Explanation:** The text mentions that the urine portion of cowdung contains nitrogen, potash,
and sulfur, with nitrogen being the predominant nutrient.

58. What is the main function of applying cowdung to soil, as indicated in the text?
a) Providing micronutrients
b) Increasing soil acidity
c) Enhancing water retention
d) Improving soil structure – **Answer:** a) Providing micronutrients – **Explanation:** The text mentions that cowdung contains micronutrients and is applied to soil
for this purpose among others.

59. What amino acids are mentioned as constituents of milk, according to the text?
a) Glutamate, leucine, and proline
b) Glycine, valine, and arginine
c) Tryptophan, histidine, and lysine
d) Phenylalanine, methionine, and threonine – **Answer:** a) Glutamate, leucine, and proline – **Explanation:** The text states that about 40% of total amino acids in milk are glutamate,
leucine, and proline.

60. What recent report claimed about the effect of milk sprays on plants?
a) Milk sprays reduce plant growth
b) Milk sprays induce systemic acquired resistance in plants
c) Milk spr

61. What is the metabolic fraction in fecal residues composed of?
a) Digested nutrients
b) Undigested fiber
c) Substances originating in the body
d) Intestinal bacteria – **Answer:** c) Substances originating in the body – **Explanation:** The metabolic fraction in fecal residues comprises substances originating in the
body, such as residues of bile and other digestive juices, epithelial cells from the alimentary tract,
and bacterial residues.

62. What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestive system?
a) Acting as enzymes for digestion
b) Enhancing nutrient absorption
c) Providing color to feces
d) Acting as emulsifying agents – **Answer:** d) Acting as emulsifying agents – **Explanation:** Bile salts confer a hydrophilic coat to otherwise hydrophobic droplets, thus
acting as emulsifying agents in the digestive system.

63. What is the fate of bile salts supposed to be according to the text?
a) They are excreted through feces unchanged
b) They are reabsorbed through the intestine and put back in the bile
c) They are converted into bile acids in the colon
d) They are metabolized by intestinal bacteria
– **Answer:** b) They are reabsorbed through the intestine and put back in the bile
– **Explanation:** Bile salts are supposed to be reabsorbed through the intestine and put back in
the bile, as mentioned in the text.

64. What is lost through bacterial degradation in the feces during the enterohepatic circulation?
a) Bile acids
b) Bile salts
c) Bile pigments
d) Intestinal mucus – **Answer:** b) Bile salts – **Explanation:** A small part of bile salts is lost through bacterial degradation in the feces during
the enterohepatic circulation, as dyslysin.

65. What is the chief bile pigment responsible for giving a greenish color to the dung of herbivorous
animals?
a) Bilirubin
b) Biliverdin
c) Bilious acid
d) Biliphorin – **Answer:** b) Biliverdin – **Explanation:** Biliverdin is the chief bile pigment present in herbivorous animals and gives a
greenish color to the dung.

66. What property is associated with Brassica alba (white mustard) according to the provided
information?
a) Antibacterial
b) Insect antixenosis
c) Antifungal
d) All of the above – **Answer:** d) All of the above – **Explanation:** According to the text, Brassica alba (white mustard) exhibits properties such as
insect antixenosis, antifungal, acaricidal, and nematicidal.

67. What chemical compound in Brassica alba is described as having “anti-insect” and “anti
nematode” properties?
a) Sinalbin
b) Allyl isothiosinate
c) Glucosinolate
d) Sinapine – **Answer:** b) Allyl isothiosinate – **Explanation:** Allyl isothiosinate in Brassica alba (white mustard) is described as having “anti
insect” and “anti-nematode” properties, as mentioned in the text.

68. What plant species is recommended by Surapala for its antibacterial properties?
a) Brassica alba (white mustard)
b) Acorus calamus
c) Sinapis alba
d) Both a and b – **Answer:** d) Both a and b – **Explanation:** Surapala recommends both Acorus calamus and Brassica alba (white mustard)
for their antibacterial properties.

69. What are the constituents of the metabolic fraction in fecal residues?
a) Bile acids, bile pigments, and mucus
b) Digested nutrients and fiber
c) Undigested fiber, epithelial cells, and bacterial residues
d) Amino acids, bile salts, and intestinal bacteria – **Answer:** c) Undigested fiber, epithelial cells, and bacterial residues – **Explanation:** The metabolic fraction in fecal residues comprises undigested fiber, debris from
sloughed-off intestinal epithelium, some excreted products derived from bile, intestinal bacteria, and mucus.

70. How many species of bacteria and protozoa are encountered in the rumen of a cow, according to
the text?
a) Over 60 species of bacteria and over 100 species of protozoa
b) Over 100 species of bacteria and over 60 species of protozoa
c) Exactly 60 species of bacteria and exactly 100 species of protozoa
d) Over 200 species of bacteria and over 200 species of protozoa – **Answer:** a) Over 60 species of bacteria and over 100 species of protozoa – **Explanation:** The text mentions that there are more than 60 species of bacteria and over 100
species of protozoa encountered in the rumen of a cow.

71. What property is associated with Curcuma longa Koenig (turmeric)?
a) Antioxidative curcuminoids
b) Anthelmintic
c) Antibacterial
d) Insecticidal – **Answer:** a) Antioxidative curcuminoids – **Explanation:** Curcuma longa Koenig (turmeric) is associated with antioxidative curcuminoids,
according to the provided information.

72. What property is attributed to Embelia ribes Burm. (embelia)?
a) Antioxidative
b) Anthelmintic
c) Insecticidal
d) Antibacterial – **Answer:** b) Anthelmintic; antibacterial; insecticidal (embelinbenzoquinone) – **Explanation:** Embelia ribes Burm. (embelia) is attributed with anthelmintic, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties, particularly due to embelinbenzoquinone.

73. What is the primary property of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (triphala) among the listed options?
a) Antioxidative
b) Anthelmintic
c) Antibacterial
d) Insecticidal – **Answer:** b) Anthelmintic with other two species of triphala. – **Explanation:** Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (triphala) primarily possesses anthelmintic properties
when combined with the other two species of triphala.

74. What is the primary function of latex from Ficus benghalensis L. (banyan)?
a) Insecticidal
b) Antimicrobial
c) Antifungal
d) Sealing property – **Answer:** d) Latex with good sealing property; tannin – **Explanation:** Latex from Ficus benghalensis L. (banyan) is primarily known for its good sealing
property, according to the provided information.

75. What property is associated with Piper nigrum L. (black pepper) oleoresin?
a) Antibacterial/antifungal
b) Insecticidal
c) Antioxidative
d) Alkaloid – **Answer:** a) Antibacterial/antifungal; alkaloid piperin is insecticidal. – **Explanation:** The oleoresin from Piper nigrum L. (black pepper) is associated with
antibacterial/antifungal properties, and the alkaloid piperin present in it is insecticidal.

76. What property is attributed to Sesamum indicum L. (sesame) seeds?
a) Antioxidative
b) Insecticidal
c) Repellent
d) All of the above – **Answer:** d) All of the above – **Explanation:** Sesamum indicum L. (sesame) seeds are associated with antioxidative,
insecticidal, and repellent properties, according to the provided information.

77. What component is present in Solanum indicum L. (solanum) fruits/leaves that contributes to
their antifungal/antibacterial properties?
a) Glycoalkaloid solasonine
b) Anthelmintic compounds
c) Tannins
d) Oleoresin – **Answer:** a) Glycoalkaloid solasonine present. – **Explanation:** The antifungal/antibacterial properties of Solanum indicum L. (solanum)
fruits/leaves are attributed to the presence of glycoalkaloid solasonine.

78. What is the primary property associated with Ficus glomerata Roxb.?
a) Antioxidative
b) Antibacterial
c) Insecticidal
d) Tannin – **Answer:** b) Latex; bark 14% tannin; some Ficus spp. are antibacterial. – **Explanation:** Ficus glomerata Roxb. is primarily associated with antibacterial properties,
according to the provided information.

79. What property is NOT associated with Curcuma domestica Val. (turmeric)?
a) Antioxidative
b) Antimicrobial
c) Insecticidal
d) Anthelmintic – **Answer:** d) Anthelmintic – **Explanation:** Anthelmintic property is not specifically mentioned for Curcuma domestica Val.
(turmeric) in the provided information.

80. What is the primary property attributed to Embelia ribes Burm. (embelia)?
a) Antifungal
b) Anthelmintic
c) Antioxidative
d) Insecticidal – **Answer:** b) Anthelmintic; antibacterial; insecticidal (embelinbenzoquinone) – **Explanation:** The primary property attributed to Embelia ribes Burm. (embelia) is
anthelmintic, along with antibacterial and insecticidal properties attributed to
embelinbenzoquinone.

81. What is the primary function of ash particles in plant protection?
a) Providing nutrients to plants
b) Absorbing moisture from insect eggs and spores
c) Acting as a fertilizer
d) Repelling insects through odor – **Answer:** b) Absorbing moisture from insect eggs and spores – **Explanation:** Ash particles are hygroscopic and absorb moisture from insect eggs and spores, interfering with insect feeding and interactions with surface fats.

82. What is the beneficial aspect of cowdung in plant protection?
a) Rich in nutrients for plants
b) Acts as a natural pesticide
c) Provides a medium for biocontrol agents
d) Acts as a repellent for insects – **Answer:** c) Provides a medium for biocontrol agents – **Explanation:** Cowdung is beneficial in plant protection because it provides a good medium
for biocontrol agents, competes with pathogens, and benefits organisms like Rhizobium and
Azotobacter.

83. What is a characteristic of fish meal relevant to plant protection?
a) High fat content
b) High carbohydrate content
c) Rich in protein and releases amino acids
d) Acts as a repellent for pests – **Answer:** c) Rich in protein; releases amino acids including proline – **Explanation:** Fish meal is rich in protein and releases amino acids, including proline, which can have beneficial effects on plants.

84. What property of honey makes it beneficial for wound protection in plants and animals?
a) Antioxidant
b) Antibacterial
c) Antifungal
d) Repellent – **Answer:** b) Antimicrobial; protects wounds in plants/animals; proline present; honeybee
peptide apidaecin is antibacterial. – **Explanation:** Honey possesses antimicrobial properties and protects wounds in both plants
and animals. It contains proline and antibacterial peptides like apidaecin.

85. What is the expected effect of liquid manure (kunapa) on crops?
a) Decreased yield
b) Increased susceptibility to pests and diseases
c) Enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses and pests
d) No effect on crop health – **Answer:** c) Effects would include: healthy crop/tree; crop tolerance to abiotic stresses such as
frost, heat, etc. as well as to insect pests and disease; high yields; high-quality produce. – **Explanation:** Liquid manure (kunapa) is expected to result in a healthy crop or tree, increased
tolerance to abiotic stresses and pests, high yields, and high-quality produce.

86. According to Kautilya Arthasasthra, how often should grains and other crops be collected?
a) Once a month
b) As often as they are harvested
c) Twice a year
d) Every season – **Answer:** b) As often as they are harvested – **Explanation:** According to Kautilya Arthasasthra, grains and other crops should be collected
as often as they are harvested.

87. What method of threshing is mentioned in the Sangam literature?
a) Mechanical threshing
b) Threshing with machines
c) Beating on the ground or by making
d) Using animals to thresh – **Answer:** c) Beating on the ground or by making – **Explanation:** Sangam literature mentions that paddy was removed from the stalks by beating
them on the ground or by making.

88. What is the primary function of ghee in plant protection?
a) Acting as a natural pesticide
b) Providing nutrients to plants
c) Enhancing plant growth
d) Similar to animal fat – **Answer:** d) Same as animal fat – **Explanation:** Ghee’s primary function in plant protection is stated to be the same as animal fat.

89. What characteristic of liquid manure (kunapa) makes it beneficial for plant health?
a) High salt content
b) Low nutrient content
c) High nutrient content
d) Strong odor – **Answer:** c) High nutrient content – **Explanation:** Liquid manure (kunapa) is beneficial for plant health due to its high nutrient
content, which supports plant growth and resilience.

90. How does cowdung contribute to plant protection?
a) Acts as a repellent for pests
b) Competes with pathogens
c) Provides nutrients to pests
d) Enhances soil pH – **Answer:** b) Competes with pathogens – **Explanation:** Cowdung competes with pathogens, provides a medium for biocontrol agents,
and benefits organisms like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, thus contributing to plant protection.

91. What was the method used for harvesting millet?
a) Threshing with buffaloes
b) Treading with bullocks
c) Using sickles and swords
d) Threshing with sticks – **Answer:** c) Using sickles and swords – **Explanation:** Millet was harvested using sickles and swords, as mentioned in the provided
information.

92. What was the common vessel used for measuring grain referred to as?
a) Adhaka
b) Punnaga
c) Ambanam
d) Medhi – **Answer:** c) Ambanam – **Explanation:** The common vessel used for measuring grain was referred to as “ambanam,” as
stated in the text.

93. What was used for threshing according to Parashara?
a) Buffaloes
b) Wooden sticks
c) Levelled threshing pit and threshing pillar
d) Sickles and swords – **Answer:** c) Levelled threshing pit and threshing pillar – **Explanation:** According to Parashara, threshing was done using a levelled threshing pit and
the installation of a threshing pillar called “medhi.”

94. Which tree was preferred for obtaining wood for the threshing pillar?
a) Mango
b) Ficus bengalensis
c) Silk cotton
d) Punnaga – **Answer:** b) Ficus bengalensis – **Explanation:** The wood for the threshing pillar was preferably obtained from trees like silk
cotton, Ficus bengalensis, and Ficus glomerata, as mentioned in the text.

95. What was the approximate weight equivalent of the wooden vessel called “Adhaka” used for
measuring grains?
a) 11 oz
b) 3.5 kg
c) 1 kg
d) 5 kg – **Answer:** b) 3.5 kg – **Explanation:** The wooden vessel called “Adhaka” used for measuring grains was
approximately equal to 3.5 kg, according to the provided information.

96. What was used for threshing blackgram?
a) Sickles and swords
b) Threshing pillar
c) Buffaloes
d) Sticks – **Answer:** d) Sticks – **Explanation:** Blackgram was threshed with sticks, as mentioned in the text.

97. What role did women play in the process of threshing and cleaning?
a) They were responsible for measuring grains.
b) They contributed significantly to threshing and cleaning.
c) They were involved in harvesting millet.
d) They participated in festivals during harvest time. – **Answer:** b) They contributed significantly to threshing and cleaning. – **Explanation:** Women considerably contributed to threshing and cleaning, as stated in the text.

98. What was used for measuring grains, according to the provided data?
a) Sickles
b) Swords
c) Buffaloes
d) Wooden vessel made of mango or punnaga – **Answer:** d) Wooden vessel made of mango or punnaga – **Explanation:** Grains were measured using a wooden vessel made of mango or punnaga, as
mentioned in the text.

99. What type of festivals were celebrated before and during the harvest time?
a) Religious festivals
b) Cultural festivals
c) Agricultural festivals
d) Seasonal festivals – **Answer:** c) Agricultural festivals – **Explanation:** Festivals were celebrated before the commencement of harvest and during the
time of harvest, indicating they were agricultural festivals.

100. What was the purpose of using a threshing pillar called “medhi”?
a) To measure grains accurately
b) To celebrate festivals
c) To provide support for threshing activities
d) To transport harvested crops – **Answer:** c) To provide support for threshing activities – **Explanation:** The threshing pillar called “medhi” was used to provide support for threshing
activities, as mentioned in the text.